Most people are familiar with the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ), which, according to the Oxford Dictionary, is "A number representing a person's reasoning ability (measured using problem-solving tests) as compared to the statistical norm or average for their age, taken as 100. Abbreviated as IQ.".

IQ was initially computed by taking the ratio of mental age to chronological (physical) age and multiplying it by 100.

For example, if a 10-year-old child had a mental age of 13 (meaning they performed on the test at the level of an average 13-year-old), the child was given an IQ of 13/10 × 100, which is equal to 130.

On the other hand, if the 10-year-old had a mental age of 8, the child's IQ would be 8/10 × 100, or 80.

Therefore, a score of 100 would mean that the mental age equals the chronological age, and IQ would be 100, i.e. average.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests have been the litmus test for intelligence for the last Century.

Still, IQ tests can inaccurately measure an individual's intelligence and cause problems, including low confidence, unrealistic expectations, and a generally flawed understanding of a person's potential.

After conducting the most extensive online intelligence study on record, a Western University-led research team has concluded that measuring one's intelligence quotient or IQ by a singular, standardised test is highly misleading.

An article "Fractionating Human Intelligence," by Adrian M. Owen and Adam Hampshire [Journal: Neuron, Volume 26, Issue 6, P1125 - 1237, December 20, 2012] debunks the myth that one number can represent an individual's ability to remember, to reason and to think.

The study confirmed what many people already believed: IQ tests are poor intelligence indicators.

To prove this, they developed a test to evaluate 12 "pillars of wisdom" to comprehensively understand an individual's cognitive skills, from memory to planning.

Over 100,000 people took the 12-part test, and the results proved that no single "quotient" could measure intelligence.

They identified at least three factors essential to predicting intelligence: "short-term memory; reasoning; and finally, a verbal component."

Another limitation of IQ tests is that they may not capture the full range of cognitive functions, such as attention, perception, language, memory, and executive function.

So, is there a way to look at intelligence differently?

Back in 1983, an American Developmental Psychologist, Howard Gardner, published the book "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences".

In his groundbreaking work, Gardner proposed that intelligence is not limited to a single dimension but instead encompasses a variety of abilities.

He identified nine distinct types of intelligence, each with unique characteristics and manifestations.

Let's take a closer look at the nine types of intelligence he proposes:

1. Linguistic Intelligence

Do you have a way with words? Then linguistic intelligence might be your forte!

People with linguistic intelligence excel in verbal and written communication. It means they have a knack for languages, are likely to enjoy reading and writing, and are skilled at expressing themselves eloquently.

From poets to journalists, linguistic intelligence is vital in various professions where effective communication is critical.

Example - Maya Angelou: A renowned poet, author, and civil rights activist. Maya Angelou exemplifies linguistic intelligence.

Her mastery of language and eloquent expression empowered her to communicate powerful messages of resilience, hope, and equality through her poetry and memoirs. Angelou's words inspire generations, fostering empathy and understanding across cultural divides.

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

If you're a problem solver who loves to analyse patterns and numbers, you likely possess logical-mathematical intelligence.

Individuals with this type of intelligence excel in logical reasoning, mathematical operations, and scientific inquiry. They thrive in fields like mathematics, engineering, and computer science, where critical thinking and problem-solving skills are paramount.

Example - Albert Einstein: The iconic physicist Albert Einstein epitomises logical-mathematical intelligence.

His groundbreaking theories, such as the theory of relativity, revolutionised our understanding of the universe. Einstein's ability to think abstractly, analyse complex mathematical concepts, and uncover fundamental truths reshaped the field of physics, paving the way for countless scientific advancements.

3. Spatial Intelligence

Have you ever been told you have an eye for design or a talent for navigating unfamiliar places? Then you might have spatial intelligence!

Spatially intelligent individuals possess a keen awareness of their surroundings, excel in visualising objects and environments, and often have strong artistic abilities. Architects, artists, and pilots are a few examples of professionals relying heavily on spatial intelligence.

Example - Leonardo da Vinci: Often hailed as the quintessential Renaissance man, Leonardo da Vinci possessed extraordinary spatial intelligence.

His visionary artwork, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, showcased his unparalleled ability to depict three-dimensional space and perspective accurately.

Additionally, da Vinci's innovative designs for inventions ranging from flying machines to anatomical studies demonstrate his profound understanding of spatial relationships and engineering principles, leaving a lasting legacy of creativity and innovation.

4. Musical Intelligence

Can you pick up a tune by ear or effortlessly play multiple instruments? If so, you likely have musical intelligence.

People with this type of intelligence have a deep appreciation for music, possess a heightened sense of rhythm and pitch, and often excel in composing, performing, or interpreting musical pieces. From composers to music therapists, those with musical intelligence enrich the world through their melodic talents.

Example - Ludwig van Beethoven: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven exemplifies musical intelligence through his timeless compositions.

Despite experiencing hearing loss later in life, Beethoven's profound understanding of musical structure, harmony, and emotion enabled him to create masterpieces that continue to captivate audiences worldwide. His symphonies, concertos, and sonatas transcend cultural boundaries, enriching humanity's collective experience with the beauty of music.

5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Are you coordinated and physically adept? Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence might be your strong suit!

Individuals with this type of intelligence excel in using their bodies to express ideas and emotions through sports, dance, or other physical activities. Athletes, dancers, and actors are prime examples of individuals who leverage their bodily-kinesthetic intelligence to excel in their respective fields.

Example - Serena Williams: Tennis champion Serena Williams embodies bodily-kinesthetic intelligence with her exceptional athleticism and mastery of the sport. Her remarkable coordination, agility, and strength on the court have propelled her to numerous Grand Slam titles and cemented her legacy as one of the greatest athletes ever.

Beyond her athletic prowess, Williams inspires millions with her dedication, resilience, and commitment to excellence, serving as a role model for aspiring athletes worldwide.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

Do you have a knack for understanding others' emotions and motives? Interpersonal intelligence is all about relating to and interacting effectively with other people.

People with this intelligence excel in communication, empathy, and conflict resolution, making them natural leaders, counsellors, or mediators who thrive in social settings.

Example - Nelson Mandela: Former South African President Nelson Mandela exemplifies interpersonal intelligence through his remarkable ability to foster reconciliation and unity when facing adversity.

Mandela's empathetic leadership and effective communication skills were instrumental in ending apartheid and promoting peace and equality in South Africa. His legacy of forgiveness, compassion, and social justice continues to inspire leaders and activists around the globe.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

While interpersonal intelligence focuses on understanding others, intrapersonal intelligence revolves around self-awareness and introspection.

Individuals with this type of intelligence deeply understand their thoughts, feelings, and motivations. They excel in self-reflection, goal setting, and navigating their inner world with clarity and purpose.

Example - Oprah Winfrey: Media mogul Oprah Winfrey epitomises intrapersonal intelligence through her self-discovery and personal growth journey.

Winfrey's introspection, self-awareness, and resilience have guided her to success, from overcoming adversity in her early life to building a multimedia empire.

Through her influential talk show, philanthropic endeavours, and advocacy for self-improvement, Winfrey empowers individuals to embrace their authentic selves and pursue their dreams confidently.

8. Naturalistic Intelligence

Have you always felt a strong connection to nature and an affinity for the outdoors? Then, you might possess naturalistic intelligence.

People with this intelligence profoundly understand the natural world, including plants, animals, and ecosystems. They excel in gardening, farming, or environmental conservation, using their knowledge to appreciate and protect the environment.

Example - Dr Jane Goodall: Renowned primatologist and conservationist Jane Goodall embodies naturalistic intelligence through her deep connection to the natural world and dedication to wildlife conservation.

Her groundbreaking research on chimpanzees in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park revolutionised our understanding of primate behaviour and highlighted the importance of environmental conservation.

Goodall's tireless advocacy for sustainable living and habitat protection has inspired global efforts to preserve biodiversity and protect endangered species.

9. Existential Intelligence

Lastly, existential intelligence involves pondering life's profound questions and contemplating the meaning of existence. Individuals with this intelligence possess a deep philosophical understanding of human existence, spirituality, and the universe.

They often explore questions of purpose, morality, and the nature of reality, contributing to fields such as philosophy, theology, or existential psychology.

Example - Carl Jung: Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung exemplifies existential intelligence through his profound exploration of the human psyche and the collective unconscious.

Jung's theories on archetypes, individuation, and the interconnectedness of the human experience have profoundly impacted psychology, philosophy, and spirituality.

His work continues to influence psychotherapy, depth psychology, and the study of consciousness, fostering a deeper understanding of the human condition and our place in the universe.

Each of these nine types of intelligence offers a unique lens through which individuals perceive and engage with the world around them.

While some people may excel in one or two types of intelligence, others may possess a combination of several.

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences reminds us that intelligence is multifaceted and goes beyond traditional measures such as IQ tests.

By recognising and nurturing the various types of intelligence, we can better appreciate the richness of being human and empower individuals to thrive in their unique ways.

Until next time, you may be more intelligent than you think!

Dion Le Roux

References:

1. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basic Books.

2. Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. Basic Books.